Experts decry corruption, instability in West Africa, plots way out through language, literature

Success Damian: Language and linguistics experts have agreed that corruption and instability are twin evils winding backward the clock of socio-politico-economic development of West African Sub Region. This disclosure was made at the 2021 Conference of the West African Languages Congress (WALC) and the Linguistic Association of Nigeria (LAN) which took place at the Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos State, Nigeria on Monday, August 16, 2021. Speaking at the event, the Dean, Faculty of Arts, LASU, Prof. Tayo Ajayi referring to the theme of the event ‘Languages, Literatures and the challenges of instability and corruption in West Africa’ said corruption represents a threat ‘…to the stability and security of societies, undermining the institutions of democracy, ethical values and justice and jeopardizing sustainable development and rule of law’. He said politically, corruption undermines democracy and good governance and at the legislative level it reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking. Corruption in the judiciary, he said, compromises the rule of law and in the public service; it results in unequal distribution of resources. Ajayi continued “Corruption or perception of it destroys the legitimacy of government in the eyes of the public and this has contributed to instability. This is why corruption and embezzlement have always have been cited as reasons for military takeovers.” In his Presidential address, Professor Harrison Adeniyi, President, the Linguistics Association of Nigeria, maintained that the theme of the conference could not have come at a better time considering the myriads of challenges in the history of the sub-region. “The sub region has become a laughing stock in the comity of nations when it is very difficult for it to manage both its resources and differences reasonably well.” Adeniyi said despite the calamities that leaders have subjected the citizens to; the insatiable quest to remain in power without effective and efficient leadership still persisted. He continued “Not only that; the commonwealth of these nations are only in the hands of a few of the citizens. We have cases where some individuals are now richer that the state, while facilities and social amenities have depreciated. Leaders make deliberate efforts to cause disaffection among different communities in their countries. Thus members of each group have tended to identify themselves more with their ethnic group rather than with their country and loyalty to the ethnic group is often more important than loyalty to the state.” He said political parties formed in these countries have compounded their woes and misfortune, adding that whatever party that is in power tends to allocate huge resources to their strongholds and appoint people from their regions to strategic position to the detriment and annoyance of people from other regions, which undermines the unity and stability of these states and is sometimes the primary cause of internal conflicts. He maintained that it was against the above background that the linguistic and language experts both within and outside West African countries felt language has very crucial role to play in the stability and economic development of these nations thereby minimizing corruption. “Since language is central to all human activities, I therefore urge my colleagues to bring up solutions through their presentations on the theme and various subthemes that we have for this year’s conference to resolving the various crises of confidence and reducing the corruption levels that we have in West Africa.” Earlier, the Chief Host and Acting Vice Chancellor, LASU, Professor Oyedamola Oke, in his welcome address, stated that the 2021 WALC/LAN Conference provided a very unique opportunity for delegates who have come from across West Africa, to not only network, but also to proffer solutions to the twin problems of instability and corruption, with which the west African sub region has had to grapple with in the recent times. Oke asserted that the colonial language legacy inherited by West African countries have been largely responsible for a worldview that make the sub region more aware of the cultures, lifestyles, customs and beliefs of other people, particularly today among the youth population. “In a way, we are in the throes of an identity problem, and reminiscent of the Tower of Babel scenario, language, expected to bring us closer together, has fueled the growing dissonance between social groups, thus leaving behind rivalry and hate which are often exploited by certain interests to tear society apart. “Consequently any conversation on language and literature, therefore, must take cognizance of the fact that language and literature are social practices which provide insights into the socio-historical, political and economic conditions that produce them. In order words, in language is encoded the strategies that members of any society use to regulate and reproduce that society, to order and control it and transmit it to the next generation. Whatever culture, history, or legacy this generation wishes to bequeath to the next generation resides in our language.” He said the task before the august conference therefore must be seeking ways to change the language of instability and corruption in order to prevent the continued reproduction and perpetuation of its associated social practices. He continued, “As you actively interrogate the theme of this conference, it is expected that you will come up with a framework for a language policy that will not only guarantee free movement and peaceful coexistence in the West African sub region, but will also encourage the socio-economic, political and religious development of member countries.” Oke implored those visiting Lagos for the first time to take time to look around and enjoy the beauty of the aquatic city and the hospitality of the people of Lagos. Also present at the event was Prof Firmin Ahoua, President, WALC, among other eminent academic gurus in Language and Linguistic sphere, while the Keynote Speaker was Prof. Adams Bodomo, from University of Vienna, Austria.

Experts decry corruption, instability in West Africa, plots way out through language, literature

Success Damian:

Language and linguistics experts have agreed that corruption and instability are twin evils winding backward the clock of socio-politico-economic development of West African Sub Region. This disclosure was made at the 2021 Conference of the West African Languages Congress (WALC) and the Linguistic Association of Nigeria (LAN) which took place at the Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos State, Nigeria on Monday, August 16, 2021. Speaking at the event, the Dean, Faculty of Arts, LASU, Prof. Tayo Ajayi referring to the theme of the event ‘Languages, Literatures and the challenges of instability and corruption in West Africa’ said corruption represents a threat ‘…to the stability and security of societies, undermining the institutions of democracy, ethical values and justice and jeopardizing sustainable development and rule of law’. He said politically, corruption undermines democracy and good governance and at the legislative level it reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking. Corruption in the judiciary, he said, compromises the rule of law and in the public service; it results in unequal distribution of resources. Ajayi continued “Corruption or perception of it destroys the legitimacy of government in the eyes of the public and this has contributed to instability. This is why corruption and embezzlement have always have been cited as reasons for military takeovers.” In his Presidential address, Professor Harrison Adeniyi, President, the Linguistics Association of Nigeria, maintained that the theme of the conference could not have come at a better time considering the myriads of challenges in the history of the sub-region. “The sub region has become a laughing stock in the comity of nations when it is very difficult for it to manage both its resources and differences reasonably well.” Adeniyi said despite the calamities that leaders have subjected the citizens to; the insatiable quest to remain in power without effective and efficient leadership still persisted. He continued “Not only that; the commonwealth of these nations are only in the hands of a few of the citizens. We have cases where some individuals are now richer that the state, while facilities and social amenities have depreciated. Leaders make deliberate efforts to cause disaffection among different communities in their countries. Thus members of each group have tended to identify themselves more with their ethnic group rather than with their country and loyalty to the ethnic group is often more important than loyalty to the state.” He said political parties formed in these countries have compounded their woes and misfortune, adding that whatever party that is in power tends to allocate huge resources to their strongholds and appoint people from their regions to strategic position to the detriment and annoyance of people from other regions, which undermines the unity and stability of these states and is sometimes the primary cause of internal conflicts. He maintained that it was against the above background that the linguistic and language experts both within and outside West African countries felt language has very crucial role to play in the stability and economic development of these nations thereby minimizing corruption. “Since language is central to all human activities, I therefore urge my colleagues to bring up solutions through their presentations on the theme and various subthemes that we have for this year’s conference to resolving the various crises of confidence and reducing the corruption levels that we have in West Africa.” Earlier, the Chief Host and Acting Vice Chancellor, LASU, Professor Oyedamola Oke, in his welcome address, stated that the 2021 WALC/LAN Conference provided a very unique opportunity for delegates who have come from across West Africa, to not only network, but also to proffer solutions to the twin problems of instability and corruption, with which the west African sub region has had to grapple with in the recent times. Oke asserted that the colonial language legacy inherited by West African countries have been largely responsible for a worldview that make the sub region more aware of the cultures, lifestyles, customs and beliefs of other people, particularly today among the youth population. “In a way, we are in the throes of an identity problem, and reminiscent of the Tower of Babel scenario, language, expected to bring us closer together, has fueled the growing dissonance between social groups, thus leaving behind rivalry and hate which are often exploited by certain interests to tear society apart. “Consequently any conversation on language and literature, therefore, must take cognizance of the fact that language and literature are social practices which provide insights into the socio-historical, political and economic conditions that produce them. In order words, in language is encoded the strategies that members of any society use to regulate and reproduce that society, to order and control it and transmit it to the next generation. Whatever culture, history, or legacy this generation wishes to bequeath to the next generation resides in our language.” He said the task before the august conference therefore must be seeking ways to change the language of instability and corruption in order to prevent the continued reproduction and perpetuation of its associated social practices. He continued, “As you actively interrogate the theme of this conference, it is expected that you will come up with a framework for a language policy that will not only guarantee free movement and peaceful coexistence in the West African sub region, but will also encourage the socio-economic, political and religious development of member countries.” Oke implored those visiting Lagos for the first time to take time to look around and enjoy the beauty of the aquatic city and the hospitality of the people of Lagos. Also present at the event was Prof Firmin Ahoua, President, WALC, among other eminent academic gurus in Language and Linguistic sphere, while the Keynote Speaker was Prof. Adams Bodomo, from University of Vienna, Austria.

LASU wins again as Court rules in favour of university's decision

Success Damian:

The National Industrial Court has ruled in favour of the Lagos State University in a case involving the institution and Dr. Udegbe Scholastica Ebarefimia, a former Lecturer in the Department of Business Administration and Management Technology, Faculty of Management Sciences.

Dr. Udegbe was dismissed in 2017 from the service of the Lagos State University by the University Governing Council for alteration of marks.

In a virtual delivery of judgement on the case referenced SUIT NO: NICN/LA/596/17: Dr. Udegbe Scholastica Ebarefimia vs Lagos State University & ANOR, Honourable Justice Ogbuanya noted that the defendant - Lagos State University (LASU) followed due process in all the steps taken leading to the dismissal of Dr. Udegbe Scholastica Ebarefimia.

Further, that the University's decision to dismiss the claimant (Dr. Udegbe) is also upheld by the Court; that there was NO MERIT in the claims of Dr. Udegbe (the Claimant) made against the University.

The Court also directed that the University should carry out some directives without further delay. 

 

 

 

 

Professor Okwa tasks government on effective control of parasites, malaria

Cyriacus Nnaji

Adequate funding, provision of cost effective drugs have been advocated as parts of measures government must take to ensure the successful control of parasites and malaria in the country.

Professor Omolade Olayinka Okwa, Professor of Parasitology, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, made this known as the 79th Inaugural Lecturer of the Lagos State University (LASU). She spoke on the topic ‘Parasites: The Unwelcomed and Ungrateful Stranger; the Battle Line’

While delivering her lecture on Tuesday, August 10, 2021 at Buba Marwa Auditorium, Ojo Campus, Professor Okwa said “To facilitate research in malaria and NTDs along with the WHO/NTDS road map, adequate funds should be provided in the health sector. There are basic and fundamental research problems requiring little funds and gadgetry which are crying out to be solved. Health funds must be continually increased and funds from international donor agencies should be properly monitored, follow up, accounted for and not diverted.”

She also maintained that cost effective drugs is one sure way of combating parasites ‘It is the government’s responsibility to execute mass drug administration to endemic areas and this should be carried out efficiently. The rural populace in remote endemic rural areas should be of top priority.  Antiparasitic drugs such as anti-protozoa (e.g. Metronidazole (Flagyl), Tinidazole), anti-helminthic (e.g. Ivermectin, albendazole, thiabendazole, Pyrantel pamoate) should be at the reach of the poor. Fortunately, most of these drugs are broad spectrum drugs and their use appears as the most cost-effective means of treating and controlling many parasitic infections.” 

She further tasked government on clear cut health policies and interventions, saying that it is compulsory for the government to be aware of the relevance of parasitology to man and his health.  She said that the same energy used to create awareness for COVID-19 will come a long way in curbing malaria and NTDs. The social media, radio, television should also incorporate information about parasitic diseases in their information and news schedules

Okwa added that environmental sanitation should be everybody’s business as it will go a long way to control parasites. “The monthly environmental sanitation and market sanitation should be sustained and monitored.  There should be efforts to stop open defecation, water control from feacal contamination and improved conditions of living.” 

 Still on what government should do to control malaria, Okwa made some other recommendations saying “In malaria control, mosquitoes are the weak link in the chain so the destruction of their larvae habitats, improved drainage systems, clearing out water ways, proper sewage systems should be of high priority.  Education of the populace on mosquito breeding and habitats should include clearing bushes, cleaning drainages and open gutters, destruction and removal of containers, plants, tires, sachets, and anything that can hold water. 

“It is important for the Nigerian government to key into the W.H.O goals and other malaria control agencies such as Roll back malaria (RBM), Action and investment to defeat malaria (AIM), Malaria No More (MNM) and CDC.  There is a need to meet up with neglected interruptions associated with malaria in this COVID-19 era.

“The most effective way to prevent a disease is by vaccination which stimulates the host protective immune response. A malaria vaccine produced by the University of Oxford team has proved to be 78% effective in early trials and could be a major breakthrough against malaria. This R21 vaccine is the first to reach the W.H. O’s goal of at least 75% efficacy. When trialed among 450 children in Burkina Faso, the vaccine was found to be safe, and showed "high-level efficacy" over 12 months of follow-up. The trials of this malaria vaccine started in 2019, long before coronavirus appeared - and the Oxford team developed its COVID vaccine (with AstraZeneca) on the strength of its research into malaria vaccines,” she stated.

She maintained that the R21 vaccine should be welcomed in Nigeria. Then, the government can create awareness on the need for children as a vulnerable group to be vaccinated against malaria just as the interventions and awareness made for COVID-19.
                                                                                                      \

Her recommendations to individuals on Malaria prevention include avoiding malariogenic activities.  She encouraged sleeping  in well ventilated rooms or under insecticide treated mosquito nets and wearing of protective clothing. “Screen your doors and windows and use safe insecticides or mosquito repellants. Objects, excavations, plants, empty soft drink bottles and anything that can hold water must be eliminated in homes. Water storage containers in homes should always be covered and dispose unused ones. Place useful containers upside down under a roof or seal with a tight cover. Change frequently water troughs of domestic animals and garden flower pots in homes. Keep trash cans tightly sealed and drill a hole at the bottom in order not to retain water that may serve as breeding sites. 

“Tree hole-fillings must be carried out regularly and fill up eroded soils, natural depressions, excavations and empty rain-filled receptacles around the home. Swimming pools in homes should not be left unused and untreated. Drainage systems, ditches, and gutters must not be dumped with waste to avoid clogging, thereby making them stagnant for mosquitoes to breed. Outdoor pyrethrum spraying of domestic animal shelters, garages, and outdoor latrines is essential and spraying oil on stagnant pools to kill mosquito aquatic stages. The use of larvicides such as Paris green, application of petroleum oils on surfaces of stagnant water is recommended because it asphyxiates the larvae stages of mosquitoes.

Earlier defined two major terms which threw more light on the topic of the day and consequently ensure that her audience understood the topic better.                                          

The first was to define a Zoologist. She said “I am a proud Zoologist with specialization in Parasitology. Zoology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of animals in all aspects of life. Zoologists are lovers of animals and so a Zoologist is a person that studies animals in all ramifications and in relation to their environment.

Quoting Otubanjo (2007) she defined Parasitology as an aspect of symbiology, which deals with the study of parasites. It is the study of the biology of parasites and their interactions with their hosts (Cox, 2004). “Parasitology is synonymous with Medical Zoology or Sanitary Zoology and combines medical and ecological science which encompasses the study of parasites and the diseases they cause. It emphasizes classification of parasites, identification and elucidation of their life cycles and factors affecting their distribution thus gaining insights into their prevention and control.”

 

Professor Okwa tasks government on effective control of parasites, malaria

Success Damian:

Adequate funding, provision of cost effective drugs have been advocated as parts of measures government must take to ensure the successful control of parasites and malaria in the country.

Professor Omolade Olayinka Okwa, Professor of Parasitology, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, made this known as the 79th Inaugural Lecturer of the Lagos State University (LASU). She spoke on the topic ‘Parasites: The Unwelcomed and Ungrateful Stranger; the Battle Line’

While delivering her lecture on Tuesday, August 10, 2021 at Buba Marwa Auditorium, Ojo Campus, Professor Okwa said “To facilitate research in malaria and NTDs along with the WHO/NTDS road map, adequate funds should be provided in the health sector. There are basic and fundamental research problems requiring little funds and gadgetry which are crying out to be solved. Health funds must be continually increased and funds from international donor agencies should be properly monitored, follow up, accounted for and not diverted.”

She also maintained that cost effective drugs is one sure way of combating parasites ‘It is the government’s responsibility to execute mass drug administration to endemic areas and this should be carried out efficiently. The rural populace in remote endemic rural areas should be of top priority.  Antiparasitic drugs such as anti-protozoa (e.g. Metronidazole (Flagyl), Tinidazole), anti-helminthic (e.g. Ivermectin, albendazole, thiabendazole, Pyrantel pamoate) should be at the reach of the poor. Fortunately, most of these drugs are broad spectrum drugs and their use appears as the most cost-effective means of treating and controlling many parasitic infections.” 

She further tasked government on clear cut health policies and interventions, saying that it is compulsory for the government to be aware of the relevance of parasitology to man and his health.  She said that the same energy used to create awareness for COVID-19 will come a long way in curbing malaria and NTDs. The social media, radio, television should also incorporate information about parasitic diseases in their information and news schedules

Okwa added that environmental sanitation should be everybody’s business as it will go a long way to control parasites. “The monthly environmental sanitation and market sanitation should be sustained and monitored.  There should be efforts to stop open defecation, water control from feacal contamination and improved conditions of living.” 

 

 Still on what government should do to control malaria, Okwa made some other recommendations saying “In malaria control, mosquitoes are the weak link in the chain so the destruction of their larvae habitats, improved drainage systems, clearing out water ways, proper sewage systems should be of high priority.  Education of the populace on mosquito breeding and habitats should include clearing bushes, cleaning drainages and open gutters, destruction and removal of containers, plants, tires, sachets, and anything that can hold water. 

 

“It is important for the Nigerian government to key into the W.H.O goals and other malaria control agencies such as Roll back malaria (RBM), Action and investment to defeat malaria (AIM), Malaria No More (MNM) and CDC.  There is a need to meet up with neglected interruptions associated with malaria in this COVID-19 era.

 

“The most effective way to prevent a disease is by vaccination which stimulates the host protective immune response. A malaria vaccine produced by the University of Oxford team has proved to be 78% effective in early trials and could be a major breakthrough against malaria. This R21 vaccine is the first to reach the W.H. O’s goal of at least 75% efficacy. When trialed among 450 children in Burkina Faso, the vaccine was found to be safe, and showed "high-level efficacy" over 12 months of follow-up. The trials of this malaria vaccine started in 2019, long before coronavirus appeared - and the Oxford team developed its COVID vaccine (with AstraZeneca) on the strength of its research into malaria vaccines,” she stated.

She maintained that the R21 vaccine should be welcomed in Nigeria. Then, the government can create awareness on the need for children as a vulnerable group to be vaccinated against malaria just as the interventions and awareness made for COVID-19.
                                                                                                     

HHer recommendations to individuals on Malaria prevention include avoiding malariogenic activities.  She encouraged sleeping  in well ventilated rooms or under insecticide treated mosquito nets and wearing of protective clothing. “Screen your doors and windows and use safe insecticides or mosquito repellants. Objects, excavations, plants, empty soft drink bottles and anything that can hold water must be eliminated in homes. Water storage containers in homes should always be covered and dispose unused ones. Place useful containers upside down under a roof or seal with a tight cover. Change frequently water troughs of domestic animals and garden flower pots in homes. Keep trash cans tightly sealed and drill a hole at the bottom in order not to retain water that may serve as breeding sites. 

 

“Tree hole-fillings must be carried out regularly and fill up eroded soils, natural depressions, excavations and empty rain-filled receptacles around the home. Swimming pools in homes should not be left unused and untreated. Drainage systems, ditches, and gutters must not be dumped with waste to avoid clogging, thereby making them stagnant for mosquitoes to breed. Outdoor pyrethrum spraying of domestic animal shelters, garages, and outdoor latrines is essential and spraying oil on stagnant pools to kill mosquito aquatic stages. The use of larvicides such as Paris green, application of petroleum oils on surfaces of stagnant water is recommended because it asphyxiates the larvae stages of mosquitoes.

Earlier defined two major terms which threw more light on the topic of the day and consequently ensure that her audience understood the topic better.                                          

The first was to define a Zoologist. She said “I am a proud Zoologist with specialization in Parasitology. Zoology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of animals in all aspects of life. Zoologists are lovers of animals and so a Zoologist is a person that studies animals in all ramifications and in relation to their environment.

Quoting Otubanjo (2007) she defined Parasitology as an aspect of symbiology, which deals with the study of parasites. It is the study of the biology of parasites and their interactions with their hosts (Cox, 2004). “Parasitology is synonymous with Medical Zoology or Sanitary Zoology and combines medical and ecological science which encompasses the study of parasites and the diseases they cause. It emphasizes classification of parasites, identification and elucidation of their life cycles and factors affecting their distribution thus gaining insights into their prevention and control.”

 

New Data highlights opportunity for Kaduna State to emerge regional leader in Financial Inclusion

Cyriacus Nnaji

EFInA Access to Financial Services in Nigeria 2020 - Kaduna State Deep Dive Survey shows that 38% of adults in Kaduna State are using formal (regulated) financial services, such as banks, microfinance banks, mobile money, insurance, capital market or pension accounts.

The majority of those adults are using bank services; 33% of adults in Kaduna State are banked. While Kaduna State has the highest rate of financial inclusion in the Northwest, 62% of adults in Kaduna State still do not use any regulated financial services. 

Financially excluded adults in Kaduna State are more likely to reside in rural areas, have lower levels of education, be microentrepreneurs or farmers, and have limited access to bank branches or other financial access points. Women continue to be more financially excluded than men, with only 30% of women in Kaduna State using formal (regulated) financial services, compared with 46% of men.  Restrictive gender norms contribute to this gap in access; for example, only 21% of women in Kaduna  State have the final say on whether they can work to earn income, compared with 87% of men. 

For the first time, the EFInA Access to Financial Services in Nigeria 2020 Survey measured the financial health of Nigerian adults. Only one-quarter of adults in Kaduna State are considered financially healthy, meaning they can plan, save, manage their day-to-day spending, and are resilient towards financial shocks. 

Kaduna State Governor Nasir El-Rufai said that Kaduna State views financial inclusion as a contributor to economic growth and is taking policy steps to expand it. “The Kaduna State Government has developed a roadmap and blueprint for the adoption of a state-wide digital payment infrastructure, with the support of the Gates Foundation. Kaduna State is also partnering  with the United Bank for Africa (UBA) to improve financial access points in all the 23 Local  Government areas of the State.” 

Malam El-Rufai also explained that “KDSG appreciates the strong impact that access to  telecommunications services has on financial inclusion, Therefore, KDSG is working in partnership with  IHS Towers to improve and provide mobile network (voice and data) in 42 blind spots across the state. Aside from digitising payments, Kaduna State is digitising identity, capturing the biometric details of over the 3.5m residents in the database of the Kaduna State Residents Registration Agency (KADRRA).  The goal is for KADRRA to reach 9m residents, about 90% enrollment of residents, by December 2022.” 

Dr. Jeremie Zoungrana, Nigeria Country Director, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, looks forward to continued partnership with Kaduna State and said that “the presentation of findings from the  survey on access and use of financial services in Kaduna State will provide important baselines for measuring progress. It will also highlight the scale of the challenge that lies ahead. This is a challenge worth tackling which when surmounted delivers compounding benefits.” 

The EFInA Access to Financial Services in Nigeria 2020 - Kaduna State Deep Dive Survey highlights significant market opportunity for financial service providers to address the financial needs of adults in Kaduna. For example, only 1% of adults in Kaduna State are insured, but 0.7 million uninsured adults say they would be interested in microinsurance. While only 33% of adults in Kaduna State are banked, 2 million unbanked adults in the state own mobile phones and could be reached with mobile money. 

Ashley Immanuel, CEO of EFInA, said, “This Kaduna State Deep Dive Survey is the first time that  EFInA has conducted such detailed financial inclusion research at the state level. The data shows that, while there is work to do to improve financial inclusion and financial health of adults in Kaduna State, there is also tremendous opportunity to do so by expanding the reach of relevant, affordable digital financial services and agent networks. We are pleased to provide this data as a resource for stakeholders such as government, financial service providers, development partners and others to  develop targeted strategies to drive inclusion in Kaduna State.” 

To learn more about EFInA visit: www.efina.org.ng 

To read the Access to Financial Services in Nigeria 2020 Survey Report: visit www.a2f.ng To request the Access to Financial Services in Nigeria 2020 Dataset: send a request to info@efina.org.ng 

For more information on the Access to Financial Services in Nigeria Survey Report: Call the research officer - Oluwatomi Eromosele at 09087491836 

Call the chief executive officer - Ashley Immanuel at 09087491854 

The EFInA Access to Financial Services in Nigeria 2020 Survey was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the UK Government’s Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office. EFInA is a financial sector development organization that has been at the forefront of promoting financial inclusion in Nigeria since its establishment in 2007. For more information on the survey report visit www.a2f.ng or www.efina.org.ng